主謂一致、被動語態講與練

    主謂一致，顧名思義，指的是主語與謂語的一致。那么，哪些方面主語和謂語應保持一致呢？歸納起來，有三種情況，即語法形式上、語詞意義上和就近關系上。
 主語和謂語在語法形式上一致這種情況下，句中作主語的詞若是單數形式，謂語動詞則用單數形式；若主語是復數形式，謂語動詞也用復數形式。
    主語用單（復）數形式，謂語動詞也用單（復）數形式。
     例：The results of the exam show that you have all made good progress. 考試的結果表明，你們都進步很大。
         The content of his book is very good. 他那本書的內容很好。
         We all like football. 我們都喜歡足球。
主語中有and 連接詞時，謂語動詞多用復數。但如果主語表示抽象整體概念或表示一個單一的概念時，謂語動詞則要用單數。例如：
        The singer and the dancer have come to the meeting. 那個歌手和那舞蹈演員已經到了會場。（主語表示兩個人）
        The singer and dancer has come to the meeting. 既是歌手又是舞蹈演員的那個人已經到了會場。（主語表示一個人）
        When and where to build a new school is not decided. 什么時候在什么地方建一所新學校還未定下來。（where and where表示抽象整體概念）
       若主語是單數，盡管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, no less than, including, like, but, except 等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數。例如：
      An expert together with two assistants was sent to the factory. 派了一個專家和兩個助手去那個廠。
      Mary, like Lily, was late. 瑪麗像莉莉一樣也遲到了。
     主語是動名詞、不定式或從句時作單數看待，謂語動詞用單數。例如：
      Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸煙有害健康。
      To grow vegetables needs constant watering. 種菜需要常澆水。
      What he said sounds reasonable. 他說的話聽起來有道理。
    主語是each, neither, either, 或由some, any, no, every構成的復合代詞時看作單數，謂語動詞用單數
    例如： Each of us has a new bike. 我們每個人都有新單車。

  Is everybody here? 大家都到齊了嗎？
           Nobody knows who he is. 沒人知道他是誰。
     主語和謂語在語詞意義上一致此時的主謂一致指的是，謂語動詞用單數還是用復數不是由主語的形式決定，而是由主語表達的意義決定。 any，all，most，more，none，what，who，which等代詞作主語時，可以表示單數，也可以表示復數，主要由意思確定：
     Which is your book?　哪本是你的書？
     Which are your books? 哪幾本是你們的書？
    Here is some more.這里還有一點。（指不可數的東西）
    Here are some　more. 這里還有一些。（指可數的東西）
    None of the books are easy enough for me. 這些書全都太難，不適合我的水平。
    None of us has got a car. 我們中間沒有一個人有汽車。
    主語是people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽)等集體名詞時，其形式是單數，但意義上表示復數，謂語動詞應用復數。例如：
     The police are looking for him. 警察正在找他。
     Cattle feed on grass. 牛以草為食。
    有些集體名詞，如：public, family, audience, class, population, company, group, government等詞，作主語時既可表示單數意，又可表復數意。若其強調一個整體，謂語動詞用單數；若強調整體中的個體，則謂語動詞用復數。例如：
     My family is a large one. 我家是個大家庭。
     My family are all music lovers. 我們家個個喜歡音樂。
     主語是單復數同形的名詞時，如works, sheep, means, deer 等，謂語動詞用單數還是復數要根據意思決定。但news只作單數用。例如：
     Each possible means has been tried. 每一種可能的方法都試過。
     All possible means have been tried. 所有可能的方法都試過。
    Good news goes on crutches, bad news files apace.好事不出門，壞事傳千里。
     表示數量、重量、度量、時間、距離、價格的復數名詞作主語時，一般作整體看待，謂語動詞用單數形式。例如：
     Two weeks is allowed for you to prepare. 給你兩周的時間作準備。
     Ten kilometers is not a long distance. 十公里不是很長的路程。
     有些形容詞與the連用表復數意義，謂語動詞用復數，例如：
     The Chinese are brave and diligent. 中國人勤勞勇敢。
     The rich always look down upon the poor. 富人通常看不起窮人。
     有些國名、人名、書刊名、學科名、組織名稱等專有名詞雖然是復數形式，但其做主語時，謂語動詞仍用單數形式。例如：
    The United Nations was found in 1945. 聯合國于1945年成立。
    Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一門很有趣的學科。
    不可數名詞做主語時，如果前面有表示數量的可數名詞，謂語動詞用復數。
    例如： Three million tons of coal were exported that year. 那年出口了三百萬噸煤。
     三、謂語和就近的主語一致句子中有兩個或兩個以上主語時，謂語的單復數形式由與之鄰近的主語決定。主語由or, either…or, not only…but also, 或neither...nor 連接時，謂語動詞與其鄰近的主語的數保持一致。例如：
     Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他做這項工作。
    She or her children are coming to help you. 她或她的孩子們會來幫你。
    Neither you nor I am able to persuade her.你和我都沒有辦法說服她。
    在由there 或 here 引起的倒裝句中，謂語動詞通常也和最鄰近的主語保持數的一致。例如：
    Here is a pen, two envelopes and some paper for you. 這兒有一支筆，兩個信封和一些紙給你。
    There are four chairs, a table and a bed in the room. 房間里有四把椅子，一張課桌和一張床。
    注：生活中，這種受鄰近詞影響的情況越來越常見了。例如：
    Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你離開期間，你愛人和孩子們在哪兒待著呢？
    Is your sister and her husband coming to join us? 你姐姐和她愛人要來參加我們的活動嗎？

  附：主謂一致練一練選擇正確選項：
     1.All but one ________ here just now.
      A、are B、was C、were D、is
     2.The number of people invited __________ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons.

A、   were, was B、was, was C、was, were D、were, were
3.All that can be done __________.
 A、has been done B、have been done C、was done D、were done
4.Two fifths of land in that district ________ covered with trees and grass.
   A、are B、is C、has D、have
5.They each ________ a new dictionary.
   A、have B、are C、is D、has
6.The wounded _______ by the hospital.
   A、has been taken in B、have taken in C、has taken D、have been taken in
 Key: 1---6 CCABDD

被動語態講與練

     被動語態是由be+過去分詞構成，它的各種時態變化都是通過be 的變化表現出來的。當描述事物已經受到某種影響或某種處理；或者描述人物已經被動地接受某種行為或某種處理時，我們就使用現在完成時的被動語態。現在完成時的被動語態是由have（has）+been+過去分詞構成的。have 有人稱、時態的變化。
     1.第一人稱、第二人稱、第三人稱復數形式做主語時，謂語動作用“have been +過去分詞”形式；主語是第三人稱單數時，謂語動作用“has been+過去分詞”形式。 All the CAAC offices have been joined by the new computers .民航局的所有售票處都由新計算機聯系起來了。 The child has been taken care of by Grandma Wang all the years .這些年來，這個小孩一直由王奶奶照料。
    2.現在完成時被動語態的否定形式為“have/ has not been +過去分詞”，疑問形式為“Have / has +主語 +been +過去分詞+其它？”。 The dirty clothes haven’t been washed.這些臟衣服沒有洗。 How many languages has the book been translated into?這本書已被譯成多少種語言？
    3.一般來說，只有及物動詞才有被動語態，因為只有及物動詞才可能有動作的承受者。但有許多由不及物動詞加介詞或副詞構成的短語，相當于及物動詞，可以有賓語，因而也可以有被動語態。但應注意：短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體，變為被動語態時，不可丟掉構成短語動詞的介詞或副詞。如： They have put up a notice on the wall. → A notice has been put up on the wall. The chair has been looked after in the museum by the assistant.

 [練習]
I.根據句意，用所給動詞的適當形式填空。
      1.Margaret can't walk, because her leg ___(break).
      2.Maria's English ___(improve).
      3.His keys ___(lose) on the way to the library.
      4.My watch ___(not repair) yet.
      5. In the past few years many buildings ___(build).
      6.So far eleven units ___(learn) in all. .
      7. The two papers ___(not finish) yet.
II.從A、B、C、D中選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。
   1.John _____，for he went swimming yesterday without permission.
    A. would punish B. had punished C. was punished D. punished
  2. If rubber _____，it gives off a terrible smell.
    A. burnt B. will burn C. have been burned D. is burned
  3. ―_____ the sports meet might be put off.
    ―Yes，it all depends on the weather.
    A. I've been told B. I've told C. I'm told D. I told
  4. The book _____ under the chair for two days.
    A. has put B. has been lying C. has been put D. have been laid
  5. Since the first space mission，many communication satellites _____ .
   A. was launched B. are launched C. have been launched D. had been launched
  6. The bridge which _____ last year _____ really beautiful.
   A. was built；looks B. was building；looks C. was built；is looked D. was building；is looked
 7. Many years ago，Jim _____ in Paris with his uncle for along period of time.
   A. had been living B. had lived C. lived D. has been living
 8. By the time you get back，great changes _____ in this area.
   A. will take place B. will be taken place C. are going to take place D. will have taken place
 9. The price of the tickets is too high，so they _____ .
   A. sell badly B. are sold bad C. are sold badly D. sell bad
 10. ―Did you enjoy last night's concert？
   ―Yes，though the last piece _____ rather poorly.
   A. played B. was played C. was playing D. playing
Key: I. 1.has been broken 2. has been improved 3. have been lost 4. hasn’t been repaired 5. have been built 6. have been learned 7. haven’t been finished
    II. 1―5CDABC 6―10ACDAB